Tim McKulka Photography

25 States: Sudan before separation

The 25 States of Sudan before the acrimonious divorce that led to the creation of the Republic of South Sudan and the rump state of Sudan. One of the most diverse nations on Earth, Sudan has suffered a painful history filled with wars, political unrest and coups. Home to more than 500 distinct tribes - a united Sudan spread from the Sahara desert to the Red Sea to the floodplains of the Nile and the equatorial forests of South Sudan. 

  • Station No. 4 on the Khartoum – Wadi Halfa train line.  Sudan boasts one of the most extensive train networks in Africa with over 5000 kms (3100 miles) of track.  However, years of neglect and ageing infrastructure have drastically reduced the efficiency of train service.Station No. 4, Northern State
  • Children fetch water from the hand pump near their flooded homes.  Aweil is in a relatively low-lying location and suffers from seasonal flooding.  The floods have been exacerbated by human factors with insufficient drainage and newly constructed roads interrupting natural drainage patterns.Aweil, Northern Bahr el Ghazal State
  • Women line up jerry cans for water at one of the few functional water points in the sprawling Kalma IDP camp.  As the Darfur conflict intensified, Kalma grew into one of the largest camps in the region.Kalma, Southern Darfur State
  • A widow mourns her husband who was killed by an unknown armed group the previous night.  A series of deadly attacks on the villages surrounding Juba and the roads to Kenya and Uganda led to the displacement of civilians and rapid price increases in the regional capital.Gumbo, Central Equatoria State
  • A worker loads animal feed at the Kenana Sugar Company.  Located on the banks of the White Nile, Kenana is the world’s largest plantation producing white sugar.  Kenana produces more than 400,000 metric tonnes of sugar cane annually and began exporting ethanol in 2009.Kenana, White Nile State
  • Children play in the fuselage of a crashed Sudan Armed Forces Antonov bomber.  A local resident remarked on the plane, “During the war this plane came and killed many people - then it died here.”Raja, Western Bahr el Ghazal State
  • A man walks through a haboob (intense sandstorm typical in Sudan and other arid regions).Kulbus, Western Darfur State
  • Aerial view of a homestead on the outskirts of Kuajok.  The local Dinka community are cattle pastoralists who engage in subsistence farming to supplement the income and food derived from their cattle.Kuajok, Warrap State
  • Young Jikany Nuer girls dance following the agreement of the bride price for one of their age mates.  In many pastoral societies marriage negotiation is a complicated process involving extended families reaching agreement on the number of cattle to be paid as dowry.Jikmer, Upper Nile State
  • Children displaced by Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) attacks on their village.  Initially a Ugandan problem, the LRA has wreaked havoc across the entire region with recent activities centered on the border region between Western Equatoria State, the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Central African Republic.Yambio, Western Equatoria State
  • A Nuer man with detailed scarification on his face.  Many Sudanese tribes practice scarification and though efforts to curb the rite of passage for safety and hygienic reasons have reduced its frequency, it continues in rural areas.Bentiu, Unity State
  • A Beja camel herder brings his animals to a watering hole on the road between Suakin and Kassala.Erheib, Red Sea State
  • Young children stand in the kitchen of their homestead on the rocky hills of the Nuba Mountains.Kauda, Southern Kordofan State
  • A young boy recites verses from the Qu’ran at the Khalwah (Qu’ranic school) run by the local Sufi order.Umm Aidan, Sennar State
  • Migrant workers cross the Nubian Desert by truck in search of gold.  Recent discoveries of gold in the area around Atbara have brought prospectors from across Sudan seeking their fortune or at least a meager income.Nubian Desert, Nile State
  • Sacks of hibiscus (known locally as karkade) are weighed and loaded onto trucks at the El Obeid commodity market, which is a hub for trade in agricultural products from Kordofan and Darfur.El Obeid, Northern Kordofan State
  • A rebel from the Sudan Liberation Army lounges in front of two  United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) armoured personnel carriers during a meeting between SLA commanders and peace envoys from the UN and African Union.Umm Rai, Northern Darfur State
  • The family of SPLA Major Mabior Mading mourn over his casket at the family homestead.  Major Mading was killed during an attack on Duk Padiet village in Jonglei State days earlier.  The attack killed at least 160 people during a period of great insecurity across Southern Sudan and particularly in Jonglei State. Rumbek, Lakes State
  • Aerial view of the ‘three towns’ of Khartoum (L), Omdurman (top) and Bahri (R) and the confluence of the White and Blue Niles.  Construction, particularly in Khartoum, has exploded during the CPA period.Khartoum, Khartoum State
  • A Rashaida elder sits in his home while his wife prepares coffee.Malamiye, Kassala State
  • Dinka Bor returnees drop their belongings at an Internal Organization for Migration (IOM)waystation after arriving by barge from Juba.  Following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, many of the estimated 4 million southern IDPs and 500,000 refugees began returning to their ancestral homes.Bor, Jonglei State
  • Rural landscape of Gedaref State.El Galabat locality, Gedaref State
  • Young girls watch as newly trained Southern Sudan Police Service cadets parade on the airstrip.  Many SPLA soldiers were transferred to other uniformed services including the police, prisons and wildlife following the signing of the CPA.Torit, Eastern Equatoria State
  • A seasonal worker walks through fields of chili in the Gezira Scheme.  The area between the Blue and White Niles south of Khartoum is one of the largest irrigation projects in the world and the most productive agricultural region in Sudan.  The scheme is fed by a series of canals from the Blue Nile.El Medina Arab, El Gezira State
  • A woman collects water from a lake.  Bau is located in central Blue Nile State and formed a part of the long frontline during the north-south civil war and witnessed intense fighting.Bau, Blue Nile State
  • A Misseriya woman thatches her dry-season shelter upon arriving in the Abyei area after their months long journey from the northern areas of Southern Kordofan State.  The semi-nomadic Misseriya move south into the fertile Abyei area during the dry-season to reach grazing areas for their cattle.Todaj, Abyei Area
  • The bride and groom enjoy their first dance at their wedding reception.Mijak, Abyei Area
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